Analysis of Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points - 1853 Words

The Fourteen Points President Wilson was determined to achieve peace. He based his peacemaking efforts in the academic argument Fourteen Points. Ideas of freedom of the seas, internationalism and justice for all were embedded in his idealistic approach, in an attempt to making long lasting peace. The Fourteen Points were enthusiastically accepted by the United States, Allies and even Lenin – setting up the political mood as co-operative and internationalized. The summary of those points is as follows: 1. No more secret agreements (Open covenants openly arrived at). 2. Free navigation of all seas. 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. 5. All decisions regarding the†¦show more content†¦Austria-Hungary was not ready to let Serbia, under the protection of Russia, take over territories. Balkan was one of the most unstable areas at the time, due to its turbulent history and ethnic diversity. Along the increase of nationalism, arms race was creating growing tensions that eventually escalated into war. Germany was enlarging their military power, and France followed up with doubling their army. These actions could be taken as the preparation for what was about to happen. The situation required the formation of alliances as an insurance of support in case the war would break out. Central Powers consisted of Germany and Austria-Hungary, while the Entante powers were Great Britain, France and Russia – that had many formal and secret agreements. In 1915, Germany declared war on Great Britain at sea and attacked all ships, including merchant ships. By drafting these first five points, Wilson was hoping to prevent any future conflict at the same scale as the Great War, by eliminating the actual causes of war. By bringing every nation to the same level and introducing them to the free trade and free sea navigation Wilson hoped to engage the nations into an economically beneficial alliance. The more nations joined the League of Nations – the more benefits would they have. This diplomatic solution is revolutionary because it did not only refer to the couple of countries – it referred to the global stage. 6. This point says that GermanShow MoreRelatedPrimary Source Analysis Example991 Words   |  4 PagesPrimary Source Analysis: Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points The source is a speech delivered by Woodrow Wilson on January 8th 1918; the speech was delivered among Woodrow’s fellow congressmen in the American congress. However, the speech was not written purely by Wilson, During World War I, Walter Lippmann became an adviser to President Woodrow Wilson and assisted in the drafting of the speech. The several points covered in Wilson’s speech aimed to resolve territorial issues in Europe, as well asRead MoreWoodrow Wilson s Influence On American Ideology And Interests1888 Words   |  8 PagesPresident Woodrow Wilson presented the Fourteen Points in 1918 during his speech to Congress with hopes to have a solid plan accepted believing to be vital to the restoration of Europe in the post war world. The issues at hand required the neutral nation to make a stance for the weaker and more vulnerable countries that could not necessarily fend for themselves in the Great War. The most famous derivative from the Fourteen Points of Woodrow W ilson is indeed the world-renowned United Nations, whichRead MoreWoodrow Wilson s Nineteen Points895 Words   |  4 PagesWoodrow Wilson’s â€Å"Fourteen Points† Analysis Before World War One much of Europe was expressing nationalism an ideology that â€Å"our† nation and people are better than the other nations and people who occupy them. With nationalism comes the glorification of militarism and having strong armies. When nations have strong military forces other nations become worried about their security. With fear among nations France, Russia and Great Britain joined together through treaties and became known as the TripleRead MoreThe Interpretation Of Woodrow Wilson2015 Words   |  9 PagesThe interpretation of Woodrow Wilson (1913-21) I have taken this from an external source to show the power of idealism, and how Woodrow was perceived. Wilson abandoned the imperialist policy and brought to the White House a new way of looking at America’s relations with the outside world. Wilson believed that the United States was the most politically enlightened in a sense under god, he felt that people throughout the world had their right to choose their own governments. Wilson was only protectingRead MoreA Plan Of Investigation On The Peace After World War I1821 Words   |  8 Pagesagreed to armistice negotiations only if the settlement was founded president Wilson’s fourteen points. The fourteen points demonstrated Wilson’s belief that free trade, self-determination, disarmament, and full disclosure would lead to world peace. The bitter European Allies, however, wanted to impose harsh reparations on Germany. The armistice, drafted by France and Britain, was not entirely consistent with the fourteen points and too harsh for the German government to accept. The armistice calledRead MoreEssay about Limitle ss Linchpins: The Success and Failure of Isolationism2154 Words   |  9 Pagesthe United States struggled with the question of to be or not to be, and presidents ranged from complete global disengagement to war declarations. However, although they all wrestled with the idea isolationism, not all presidents acted equally. Woodrow Wilson’s domestic success and idealistic foreign failure is a testament to the inequality, whilst Franklin Delano Roosevelt, in contrast, gradually emerged from the theory of isolationism as a worldwide political butterfly. The two chiefs in the centerRead MoreThe Treaty of Versailles1684 Words   |  7 Pagesa permanent peace among nations (Watt 12). †¢ Three men played a significant role in the development of this peace treaty and they are known as the â€Å"Big Three†: Woodrow Wilson, Georges Clemenceau, and David Lloyd George (Trueman). o Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States at this time and he supported his â€Å"Fourteen Points† including the development of a League of Nations to keep world peace (Elson 21). Wilson believed that Germany should be punished for the damage they caused, butRead MoreEssay on World War One1910 Words   |  8 PagesWorld War One When the guns of August 1914 shattered the peace of Europe, pitting Germany and Austria-Hungary (the Central Powers) against Britain, France, and Russia, President Woodrow Wilson on August 4 issued a proclamation of neutrality. Two weeks later he urged Americans to be impartial in thought as well as in action. But in the realms of both official policy and public opinion, neutrality proved difficult to sustain. Wilson insisted, for reasons of both principle and economic advantageRead MoreWhy the Versailles Treaty Failed to Bring Peace and Stability2074 Words   |  9 PagesWhy the Versailles Treaty failed to bring peace and stability On June 28th 1919, the â€Å"Big Three†, Georges Clemenceau, Woodrow Wilson, and David Lloyd George, on behalf of Great Britain, the United States, and France, had formulated a peace treaty called Versailles Treaty to end the four-year-long First Word War, establishing the famous â€Å"Versailles System†. The purpose of the system is to build a peaceful world dominated by the victor countries, such as Great Britain, the United States and FranceRead MoreThe Process of Developing Policies: The President and Foreign Affairs3359 Words   |  14 Pagestransforming the way the public saw their role in the world’ It could be argued that the leap forward in American Foreign Policy was initiated by Roosevelt. This leads me on to another president who exercised his presidential influence in foreign policy. Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921) carried on the work of his predecessors in terms of foreign policy which he focused a large majority of his time on. Although Wilson and his secretary of state William Jennings came into office with little experience, the events

Trench Warfare in World War I and World War II Essay

Trench Warfare in World War 1 and World War 2 was very deadly. Many soldiers in the trenches died from random causes. Just about every trench in both of the wars where very nasty. It was a place that no one ever wanted to be or would ever want to go. Trenches were built about every way that you could imagine. They were built above ground and underground. Building trenches was very difficult and time consuming. It would take 450 men six hours to construct a trench that was 250 meters long. Most trenches where about two meters deep and two meters wide and where never built in a straight line. They built the trenches zigzagged because when they dropped a bomb on one part of the trench the blast wouldn’t be able to kill everyone. They also†¦show more content†¦The brown rat was feared the most. Some of the rats grew to be the size of a domestic cat because they gorged themselves on human remains. They often disfigured them by eating their eyes and liver. A single rat coup le could produce 900 offspring in one year which caused them to invest the trenches. Lice was also a big problem in the trenches because they were also invested there as well. Lice would breed and reproduce in the seams of soldiers clothes. Lice eggs could hatch within a few hours off the body heat that was generated from soldiers. Lice was a big problem in the trenches because it caused men to itch constantly and they could also cause Trench Fever which was a painful disease that began suddenly with severe pain followed by high fever. Recovery away from the trenches took about 12 weeks. You never wanted to go to the recovery tents. Soldiers would go to the medical tents often for diseases and other problems. A lot of the men went because of trench foot. Trench foot was caused by cold, wet and dirty trench conditions. It would make the foot become swollen and change the color of it. Trench foot often resulted in amputation. There wasn’t very many things to do in trenches. The daily routine of the trenches would be described as scary and boring. The daily routine would always begin with the morning stand to. Every morning they were roused from sleep by the company orderly officer and sergeant and ordered to climb up onShow MoreRelatedTechnology Changed The Dynamics Of War During World War I1587 Words   |  7 PagesAdvances in technology changed the dynamics of war during World War I. WWI was the first extensive war in which all nations felt the effects of war whether through a social, political, or economic impact. through One of the major impacts of trench warfare was that it made it difficult for the Allied and Central Powers to secure a victory. New technology such as the machine gun brought massive death and casualties. Armies in all nations started to need a larger population of soldiers to fight becauseRead MoreOn July 28, 1914 World War I Commenced, Putting The Allies1525 Words   |  7 Pages On July 28, 1914 World War I commenced, putting the Allies against the Central powers. Altogether there was thirty-two countries involved in the war. Countries such as Britain, France, Russia, and the United States were pinned against countries such as Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Although there was a multitude of reasons that World War I erupted, the historic ‘beginning’ of this war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Despite this, The United States of AmericaRead MoreThe Warfare Mentality Went From A War Of Mobility, To A1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe warfare mentality went from a war of mobility, to a war of attrition and that was due to the establishment of trench warfare throughout the battlefield. Trench warfare was no doubt a horrifying and awful type of warfare that caused countless non-battle deaths, yet it was necessary at the time. Without trench warfare, the war would have been a short but extremely bloody war because there was no way to combat the ferocity of the new weapons used in the war and there was no way to advance on theRead MoreLife During The Trenches On Wwi Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesLife in the Trenches on WWI World War I, also known as the Great War start on 1914, it was the first time largely using modern model firearm in the war. WWI have result a totally different war style under the new firearms, because the machine gun could take hundreds of people in really couple minutes, and the artillery have let each side could boom enemy in long range. The old way standing against each other’s block and shot each other doesn’t work in WWI anymore, so people invented Trenches, itRead MoreWarfare of the World Wars Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesthese tools of destruction. From swords to the bow and arrow, and revolvers to atomic bombs, warfare has been an ever-changing industry. Warfare of the Second World War greatly differs from that of World War One. Within the short twenty-five year time period between wars, we see the greatest developments in organized military history; aircrafts create a whole new role in war, land weapons are perfected, and war strategies are heavily altere d as a whole new set of battle ideals are set into play, basedRead MoreTechnological Advancements of World War !986 Words   |  4 PagesAdvancements in technology and science contributed to one the most gory and bloodiest war in the annals of human existence. These new technological advancements revolutionized how people regarded war. War was no longer where the opposite forces fought in a coordinated battle. War evolved into game of cunning strategy where the side with the bigger, powerful, and smarter toys played better. This led to a fierce competition where each side tried to create the smarter machines and better weapons, Read MoreMovie Review: Oh What a Lovely War999 Words   |  4 PagesOh What a Lovely War: Oh what a lovely misrepresentation of history? The 1969 film Oh What a Lovely War is a British, anti-war satire created during the height of the anti-Vietnam sentiment in the U.S., which undoubtedly permeated the consciousness of British filmmakers. The film focuses on World War I, a war largely demonized as a pointless war that resulted in the death of Britains finest young men in senseless trench warfare. The generically-named Smith family is shown to embody the typicalRead MoreThe World War I Ended1744 Words   |  7 Pages World War One began on July 28, 1914 after the Austrian-Hungarian emperor was assassinated by coordination of The Black Hand secret society, a Serbian nationalist group. The war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary began. The First World War is known for its trench warfare, alliances, and technological advancements. World War I ended on November 11, 1918 ending in an allied victory. World War II, also known as the Second War, began on September 1, 1939. World War II was much more brutal than WorldRead Mo reViews On Humanity. As The Human Race Evolves, Some Evolutions1661 Words   |  7 Pagesindustrialization creating a race to expand empires. With the conflicts leading to World War I, humanity faced new horrors, as a result in new harsh tactics in fighting. Countries had evolved into alliances. Some alliances were public while some made in secret. Consequently, World War I destroyed empires and encouraged independence within Europe’s colonies. Germany is largely to blame for its role in both World Wars. With three different wars, each had its own significance in mortality. Until now, battlefield tacticsRead MoreEssay about The Events That Changed Military Technology1653 Words   |  7 Pagescenturies, the world has seen warfare evolve at such a rapid rate, that it seems no two wars are fought the same. With ever-changing technologies, soldiers’ duties and skills have had to adapt along with them. Yet, soldiers are not the only ones who have been affected by chang es in warfare. With the emergence of the Napoleonic and World Wars, the people of a given country became involved in an effort known as a â€Å"total war.† As World War II came to an end though, the major powers in the world would never

Human Resource Management and Personnel Management

Question: Describe about human resource management and personnel management? Answer: Definition human resource management and personnel management Human resource management: it involves all the decisions and practices of management that influence and affect directly the people those who are working in the organization. This management mainly concern with people centric issues. Personnel management: it includes all the function of development, employment and compensation. Primarily these functions are performed by personnel management with other departments (Whatishumanresource.com) . Difference between human resource management and personnel management Both the management concern on people management, there are the following difference as below: Contract: personnel management, contract of employee is written clearly and employee have to observe strictly the employment contract. On the other side HRM doesnt focal on lifelong one time contract such as working hours or other terms and conditions as employees are seen as less rigid. Rules: personal management should be important of design clear rules and it should be mutual. But in HRM can do outlook is there frustration of rules. Nature of relation: there is clearly mention that personnel management focus on personnel issues where as HRM is focus on group issues. Conflict: there is no as such conflict. But in any conflicts occur then it institutionalized in personnel management and de-emphasized in HRM (Paauwe, Guest and Wright). Strategic decision In modern strategic human resource management one of the most important demands is human resource management and business strategy. Both the management contributed towards the success and continuity of the firm. Line management Both the management are focus on people or employee management issues but line management is mainly contribute towards the output of the products and services (Darwish References Darwish, T. (2013).Strategic HRM and performance. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Pub. Paauwe, J., Guest, D., Wright, P. (2013).HRM and performance. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Whatishumanresource.com,. (2015).HRM Vs Personnel Management - what is human resource ?. Retrieved 14 February 2015, from https://www.whatishumanresource.com/hrm-vs-personnel-management

Explore How Faulks Presents the Psychological Effects of War in ‘Birdsong’ Essay Example

Explore How Faulks Presents the Psychological Effects of War in ‘Birdsong’ Essay Throughout ‘Birdsong’ Sebastian Faulks presents the psychological effects through themes, characters and setting. The persistence of psychological trauma haunts characters throughout the novel and presents readers with a sense of true horror through the physical and mental conditions Faulks creates for his characters. This essay will be examining the way the author does this through his exploration of language, characters and techniques.Men had to leave their homes; family, wives and women were left behind when going off to war. Once leaving their women and their femininity behind, the men become deprived of sexual encounters and experiences, forgetting how to treat women. Stephen describes a woman as ‘a soft creature’ to create emphasis that he only sees women just to either scorn or pity them. This implies because of the psychological effects of sexual deprivation, Stephen doesn’t know how to perceive human beings because he’s seen many horre ndous things during the war, thus making things unidentifiable for him; leaving the readers to have a sense of sympathy for him.The reader witnesses Stephen’s tainted perception when approaching the prostitute, Stephen’s mind ‘emptied’ and ‘his tenderness was replaced by revulsion’. The structure in which the author portrays this is ambiguous because it opens the question whether he was disgusted by the prostitute or his own actions since he was ‘losing control’ and perceiving the ‘body was no was no more than human matter’. Now that Stephen is close to a woman after such a long time, it reveals an animalistic and dehumanising aspect to his personality that the war has inflicted on him which neither he nor the readers have experienced.In Part 2, after Weir encounters his failed sexual experience with a prostitute, he violently ‘hissed’ explaining he wanted ‘to leave’. Faulks creates the delib erate ambiguity to allow the readers to infer what might happen, which leave us with ambiguous and mortifying thoughts since Weir’s sexual deprivation proves to be counterproductive, suggesting to readers he is a coward and ultimately affecting his judgement later in the novel. In Part Four, ‘Weir ordered his tunnel to be evacuated’ which seemed to be the right thing to do, but ‘left two or three men’ down there. His judgement is altered later on since it was his ‘idea to put them down there’ leaving those three men to die. Because of this, the men had lost their lives due to his incorrect ‘duty rota’ he created. Furthermore, the readers now know that his decision-making was wrong and argumentatively cowardly.Once the men are away from war, their perception of life changes drastically and we see this through the stream of consciousness of Weir as the ‘mahogany of the chest looked alien’. This presents to readers that the psychological effect of war has made Weir feel alienated and feels like an outsider in his own home, presenting us a sense of realism to what the soldiers had to endure either on leave or after the war. Furthermore, its shows that the soldiers were so used to the ugliness of war and the naturalism of the mahogany presents to readers irony of how something that originates from natural substance could be estranged. When Weir returns, his body and mind has to get used to the ‘denseness of the silence’ that ‘pressed his ears.’ The metaphor ‘denseness of the silence’ shows readers how different the home front is, compared to that of how noisy the war was. The intertextuality of this shows readers that Weir feels out of place, suggesting he had become accustomed to war life. Leading from this, Weir feels psychologically out of place, like he is living in a different world with a sense of displacement.By constantly portraying the men as bein g dehumanised, Faulks presents this to the readers as a continuous perceptual construction of the war through the eyes of the soldiers. Through the entire novel, characters constantly think about death and how ‘death had no meaning’. This metaphor of death to illustrate for the readers a sense of realism and a true insight to what the psychological effects of war were like; people feared death the most in life and now even this has become meaningless, especially to the ones who have seen their comrades severely injured or die during battle.This links back to Jack when he had thought he was ‘immune to death’, but Faulks uses irony to expose him and readers to the setting when Jack was ‘underground with several hundred thousand tons of France above his face’ to symbolise that no one was safe, everyone is exposed; underground or above ground, dead or alive: you cannot hide from death when you are in the war. It could be suggested that Faulks is po rtraying the soldier’s naivety and innocence, by having ‘not to think’ anymore, expressing that their basic human characteristics of fear have simply disappeared. Faulks mentions how soldiers have been ‘unmoved by violence, hardened to the mutilation’ revealing to us how the psychological effects of war have affected men since they have become hardened by the loss of life they have seen, which has left them emotionless through their experiences leaving ‘only this physical mass’.As the novel progresses we are introduced to Elizabeth and explore the psychological effect of how war has affected her. Faulks portrays her character that seems to devote her life in a quest for knowledge of her Grandfather, Stephen. At first, we see her horrified at the information she has received, but because of her ignorance toward the war, she ‘always appreciate what sacrifices were made for them’, forgetting ‘Her nerves’ that †˜failed’ her when she called the ‘very old man’. The verb ‘failed’ shows readers that her emotions have been defeated, suggesting she desperately wanted to be successful and wasn’t prepared to fail, showing her ignorance about the war and its consequences.Faulks explores her ignorance through Gray when she asked him ‘Was he funny? Gray replies in a sardonic tone as ‘Funny? It was war’ highlighting her ignorance once more leading her to wish ‘she hadn’t come’ which shows her disappointment. All these negative psychological effects of her search soon turned to positivity and happiness. For instance, Elizabeth ‘would repay the debt; she would complete the circle’. Evidently, this shows that through unlocking her past, she would feel a sense of achievement and complete wholeness, leaving no margins for bitterness or negativity. Overall, she had ‘overcome her disappointment’; again showing the positive psychological effect and changes the information has been for her.Ultimately, war did corrupt the characters’ minds at one point or another, showing the reality and the implacable horrors of war. Through writing this novel, Faulks allows his imagination, views and personal opinions to create the real devastation of how both men and women psychologically changed during and, arguably, after war. Faulks explores these psychological effects throughout ‘Birdsong’ to his readers so that they can get a true feeling about the idea of how both men and women coped with the war and how it affected their lives during and after.

Graphing Calculators essays

Graphing Calculators essays Students begin the study of algebra. The numbers of those who do not understand are gradually reduced. They struggle at first, and eventually most begin to understand. Or do they? Studies would suggest otherwise. A great amount of research has been done in the past decade in an attempt to find out why Americans are consistently near the bottom on international comparative studies in mathematics. The minimum requirements of most universities establish a passing high school grade in one algebra, and one geometry course, as necessary for acceptance. Failure to meet these requirements excludes thousands each year from college entrance. A significantly large percentage of those who do pass, enter college with deficiencies in mathematics. Even upon completion of college algebra the struggle is not over. Calculus is the final summit that looms over the prospective college graduate. Demana (1995) says, Though college students may have had as much as 2 Â ½ years of algebra instruction, one of the most common complaints that we hear from our colleagues about college calculus students is that the algebra preparation for calculus is very poor. And it is our experience that this criticism is a valid one. American performance when compared internationally is alarmingly, but not surprisingly weak. In a recent study that compared four nations, the United States was ranked last. In most areas of relevance, Americans were three to five times behind the other countries (Brenner, Herman, Hsiu-Zu Ho, Barbara, 1999). The focus of much research on international mathematics competency has been the ability of the pupil to obtain a correct answer (Herman, 1995). In the study entitled Cross National Comparison of Representational Competence (Brenner, Herman, Hsiu-Zu Ho, Barbara, 1999), the authors take a unique approach. Past research establishes that American students tend to utilize a visual technique in ...

Choose one of these article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Choose one of these article - Essay Example that in the above quotation, Confucius no way intends to convey that individuals born in nobility do not happen to accrue superiority by the dint of their birth and the privileges they have access to. It is a fact that Confucius supported the upholding on the old norms, ideals and values. However, while cherishing the old, in this quotation Confucius also does make way for a possibility of social mobility achieved through self worth and personal talent (Rainey, 2010, p. 18). Thereby, Confucius is making the echelons of power more open and accessible to the commoners who aspired to wrest social recognition and privileges through hard work and ingenuity (Rogers, 1993). Therefore, one simply cannot help appreciating this Confucian twist to the traditional Chinese idea of a ‘superior man’, eking in a way of harmonizing the claims of the aristocratic class with the aspirations of the more ambitious commoners. One can certainly discern the hint that this Confucian idea of the ‘superior man’, and its association with self worth and personal ability is indicative of a society, which though still governed by the nobility, is yet, gradually becoming more open. In that context the Confucian inclination of preserving the old, while welcoming the new is amply implicit in the given quotation. If one correlates the given quotation with the available historical facts, it is well known that irrespective of being a gentleman of noble birth, Confucius did allow individuals from the lower social strata to become his followers or students (Rainey, 2010, p. 18). In other words, Confucius was respective of and understanding towards the idea of social mobility and a notion of social status and position, directly ensuing from the actual abilities, efforts and drive of a person (Rogers, 1993, p. 46). Confucius does agree to in this quotation that the social space dominated by the nobility and th e aristocratic class could not remain impervious to an individual who is willing to put

MIH543 - Perspectives on Abuse Violence Module 5 - Case Essay

MIH543 - Perspectives on Abuse Violence Module 5 - Case - Essay Example Ethnic cleansing and genocide are frequently used interchangeably in a wrong sense. In reality, both of them are different terms and there is profound difference between the two. This is because, while genocide is an attempt to exterminate a minority, ethnic cleansing is a method to expel the minority. Thus, genocide is a type of ethnic cleansing. Genocide may be defined as any act that is aimed at systematic expulsion of a particular group of individuals from their homes either through threat or by force (Naimark, 2001). Infact, genocide is considered as an element of war crime and is considered a crime against humanity. Genocide is against the law and has a juridicial status. The term has specific definitions and has a meaning even in international law. People who are involved in genocide and get convicted like general Radoslav Krstic who was convicted for geneocide, later on appeal was convicted only for accomplice of genocide ("Prosecutor v. Krstic":56). A classic example of geno cide is the mass murder of about 7500 Bosnian muslims at Srebrenica. Thus ethnic cleaning and genocide occupy positions which are adjacent in the spectrum of violence against religions, countries and minorities. In some situations, ethnic cleansing is referred to as "forced deportation" or "population transfer". The means used to achieve this can be legal or semilegal. hence it can be said that genocide is the most extreme form of ethnic cleansing and as Michael Mann put it, it can be called as â€Å"murderous ethnic cleansing† (Mann, 2005:11). As such forced deportation occurs mainly during times of war or aggression and people seldom leave their homes during peace time. This is because each and every individual is attached to their land which their fore fathers cultivated and lived in. In my opinion, both ethnic cleansing and genocide are the same, both are inhuman and against the law. Both can have devastating