Comparing and Contrasting Depiction of Ethnic Identity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1378 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Ethics Essay Type Case study Level High school Tags: Race Essay Did you like this example? Ethnicity refers to a group of people who have similarities that identify them such as culture, language, nation, ancestry, or society. Ethnicity is inherited and members are known to share a similar history, homeland or cultural heritage. Norton and Bonny (45) asserted that ethnic groups from the same historical background usually speak the same language and it is also common to share the same gene pool. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparing and Contrasting Depiction of Ethnic Identity" essay for you Create order Panethnicity is when two or more ethnicity groups combine to form a single ethnicity while clans or tribes are subdivisions of a larger group. It is possible for one to leave one ethnic group for another through religious conversion, adoption or shifting to another language. It is common to find people from one ethnic group in one geographical area or in one nation. There have been many theories or approaches used by social scientists in studying ethnicities such as modernism, primordialism, perennialism, instrumentalism, essentialism, and constructivism. Ethnicity can be used to benefit the society or to harm it. For example in Africa, many ethnic groups have fought one another due to the differences existing between them. Genocide is a term used to refer to an ethnic group that performs mass killing to another ethnic group in order to end its existent. It was in 1994 in Rwanda when one of worlds genocide was carried out when Hutu and Tutsi ethnic group clashed. Likewise, holocaust means when one race intends to terminate another race such as that of Nazi to Jews. Genocide, holocaust and all forms of ethnic cleansing must be avoided at all cost. They are all evils against human beings and unacceptable to any democratic society. The following paper, therefore, compares and contrasts the role or depiction of ethnic identity. Ethnicity is in the singular because it is in a countable and uncountable noun. For example, we can say Halim family has Indian ethnicity. The plural of ethnicity is ethnicities. Mixed or Mestizo refers to persons with mixed blood with Asian ancestry. Other people with mixed blood are found in Peru, Ecuador, and Mexico. Isaji and Wsevolod (115) said that the main limitations of a major social anthropological issues o ethnicity are considered. It is then suggested an overall classification of inter-ethnic contexts and the criteria to differentiate these contexts is then suggested. An understanding of cultural differences should go hand in hand with the formal features of ethnicity considered in either to the level of interaction or social formation. In Zoot Suit, Luis Valdez unfolds a story with real-life events. Henry Reyna was a gangster whose group was prosecuted unfairly for a murder. The prosecution jailed them for a murder they had not committed. The Pachucos start with Spanish and the shift to English on realizing that the Anglo- Americans who are not Mexicans could not understand what they were saying. Then a rival group, Chicano, appears at Sleepy Lagoon and Hank Reyna warns of manhandling Hanks brother. Hank is convinced that police have to charge him with a murder as Pachuco warns him that he wasnt in his country. This means that Hank charged due to race factor. In the Devil in a Blue Dress, Ezekiel Easy Rawlins is the main character and had worked as a day laborer before becoming a detective. The detective, Easy is an African- American and the novel contributes to an ethnic defective. Easy use African-American English and when in dangerous or stressful a situation brings the essence of gender identity and ethnic detective. In formal approach, ethnicity concepts are a social process where ideas of cultural differences are discussed. This makes it simple to deal comparatively with ethnicity and to deal with ethnic phenomena without crude ideas of people and culture. Social circumstances and the historical base in which a particular ethnic has been developed. Place and time where the ethnic phenomena have developed are important as it should be investigated. The idea comparing and contrasting the role of ethnic identity is evident on where it evolved. This makes it easy for study and analysis. Another important aspect is the boundary that defines the group and not the culture it possesses and that ethnicity deals mostly with relationship. However, there is no doubt that ethnic distinctions exist despite the insignificant differences of objective cultural trait distribution. These cultural differences seen in all ethnic differences may or may not have a deep effect on the ethnic relations. The differences should be investigated, including their form of articulation and contexts on discussion should be well understood together with inter-ethnic communication actions. Fearon, James, and David (75) asserted that the cultural differences in its ethnical interaction have proved impossible to be compressed to its form without loss of comprehension analysis. Brass and Paul (330) said that in a particular point in ethnicity analysis, where familiar differences dont permit a meaningful interaction, it is not possible to neglect important features such as cultural, social and, histor ical context. Therefore, formal modeling of ethnicity may fail due to many reasons such leaving out aspects ethnicity and by not regarding the importance of cultural differences. In the novel, The Big Sleep, features a detective known as Philip Marlowe. Marlowe is called by a wealthy man by the name of Gerald Sternwood to prevent an attempt by a bookseller to blackmail his daughter. The daughter had been earlier blackmailed by Joe Brody. Then Marlowe concludes that Carmen is the one who killed Rusty. Marlowe confronts Vivian and at last, she confesses that Rusty is buried and Mars was paid to bury her. Marlowe death names it as the big sleep and at the end, he comes to the conclusion that death is the only escape from nasty life. Marlowe experiences ethnicity in that he comes from a different background and is accepted in the new society and given an investigation job. However, due to different cultures, there follows a complicated murder in which in which innocence is charged due to ethnicity. This scenario brings out the comparison and contrasting the depiction of ethnic identity in that the main character is led by ethnicity in his investigations. Marlowe at some point, returns the gun to Carmen and even takes her to shooting practice. In my opinion, the ethic differences should not be taken for granted in analysis and in their description. Brass and Paul said that the ethical description is that which is in favor of taking the representations of ordinary agents in a serious manner. A lot of the people would argue or rather prefer the struggle for social autonomy and cultural identity was not for sake as manipulation of symbols. Native should neither act as alternate to universal form nor should not replace analysis. The idea of culture should be held in such a way that individuals or an ethnicity group are not used for analysis but for context interaction. Ethnic differences and a form of language games and extends to cover communication that can be described and observed in cultural difference. Culture cannot be regarded as a fixed property, this means it cannot be measured and its differences cannot be identified. In the novel The Big Sleep, Marlowe as a detective also does not have an accord with ideas of those surrounding him in that they are all inclined to one ethnicity group and ideas or the other. Ethnicity should be encouraged to promote peace and good morals between members of a different group. People from a different ethnic group should be able to accommodate others and be able to learn positively from each other. Conclusion In conclusion, In Zoot Suit, Luis Valdez does accords with the ideas of those around him in that when his gang is charged with a murder they have not committed it affects the whole group. In the Devil in a Blue Dress, Ezekiel Easy also does not accord with the ideas of those around him in that he is biased his investigations. Work Cited Isajiw, Wsevolod W. Definitions of Ethnicity. Ethnicity 1.2 (1974): 111-124. Norton, Bonny. Identity and language learning: Gender, ethnicity and educational change. Editorial Dunken, 2000:45. Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. Ethnicity, insurgency, and civil war. American political science review? 97.1 (2003): 75-90. Brass, Paul R. Ethnicity and nationalism: Theory and comparison. Sage Publications (CA), 1991:37. Brass, Paul. Language and ethnicity: The view from within. The handbook of sociolinguistics? (1997): 327-343.

Fight or die, it is a gender based right - 2604 Words

Aaron Connell, Audry Camacho Kymberlee Morrison, Priscilla Avitia Ryan Liyanaralalage Professor Shiroma English 1C 21 October 2013 Fight or Die, Is it a Gender Based Right Even though the ban on women in combat has been officially lifted, it is still a very controversial topic. There still are many critics that disagree and argue that, women shouldn’t be allowed in combat. Also there are still a large number of restricted working fields in the military that are off limit to women. To exclude women that are willing to go to combat is just simply unfair. Women should have the same opportunities as men. Women have always fought in every major U.S. battle since the American Revolutionary War. In World War one and World War two,†¦show more content†¦(P. 23) This shows that women cannot be denied a chance to serve in combat roles in the military because they are women. The court plainly says women cannot be judged upon because of their gender. The equal rights they have in this country are being violated because they cannot serve in combat because they are women! Their gender should not be a factor on their individual capabilities in combat roles. Women, such as everyone trying to be in combat should be judged merely on their skills; and nothing else (Goodell, P. 23). By denying women the right to serve in combat roles, we are denying their constitution rights. Women’s rights in the military play a big part in their ability to handle and perform well in combat situations. Women’s marks credentials in the military help determine whether women are or aren’t fit to be in the military at all. 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What Is The Value Of Keeping An Accurate Inventory Free Essays

Inventory keeping plays an important role in the supply chain of many companies and organizations. Efficient inventory control and management to a large extent depends on the way and manner inventory records are kept. Good record keeping makes it easier for inventory to be kept properly, whereas bad or inaccurate record keeping unduly stalls movement of raw materials and finished goods in the supply chain. We will write a custom essay sample on What Is The Value Of Keeping An Accurate Inventory or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper, an attempt shall be made to highlight the value of keeping one’s inventory accurate. Helps in achieving Operational excellence The value of keeping one’s inventory records accurate has been emphasized by several research workers (Kok and Shang, 2006; Smaros, Lehtonen, Appelgyist and Holmstrom, 2003; Cachon and Fisher, 2000). Commenting on this subject, Kok and Shang (2006) for example, pointed out that inventory record inaccuracy is a major obstacle to achieving operational excellence. To these authors, for one to achieve operational excellence, every effort should be made to keep one’s inventory records consistently accurate. Helps in lowering total distribution costs According to the Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) (1994), total distribution cost is the summation of the costs incurred in transporting, warehousing, order processing and documentation, inventory, packaging, lost sales for failing to meet set standards of goods. The relationship between these variables and distribution can be expressed mathematically as: D= T + W + O + I + P + S where: D is total distribution cost T is transportation cost W is warehousing cost O is order processing and documentation cost I is inventory cost P is packaging cost. S is lost sales as a result of failing to meet required standards From this formula, any undertaking which lowers the cost of these variables in the supply chain would also contribute in making the total distribution cost lower and therefore more cost-effective. Keeping a company’s inventory accurate therefore helps in this direction. The reverse is what takes place when inaccurate inventory is kept. Distribution is component of the classical marketing model known as the 4Ps. Distribution can therefore be a good source of competitive advantage at the marketplace. Companies that make their distribution network more cost-effective can have a huge advantage over their competitors. Helps in building trust in the supply chain In today’s business world, it is not uncommon to find companies share their inventory records with partners, some of which could even be competitors. Some of these information exchanges take place in real time and also defies geographical boundaries. Many of these relationships and arrangements are founded on trust. As such, the value of keeping accurate record cannot be over-emphasized. This is because inaccurate presentations do not only undermine the work of the company in question but also all the significant others which used that piece of information to plan and manage their work. Helps in demand estimation For existing companies, past inventory records greatly assist in estimating future Demand for goods and services at the beginning of the financial year. From such information, the quantity of goods that should be manufactured at any given time can be estimated accurately. Helps in sourcing and procurement for cheaper raw materials. Accurate inventory records also help in sourcing for and procurement of cheaper raw materials for the company. The cost savings from such undertakings can then be passed on to the final customer in cheaper prices. On the other hand, inaccurate records hinder procurement departments in establishing present stock levels and the replenishments that must be procured. Helps in the arrangement of logistics Similarly, inventory records assist the distribution outfit of the company to arrange for transportation and other logistics to convey the manufactured goods to the final customers in the value-chain. In situations therefore, where the inventory information provided to the aforementioned departments are inaccurate, it can seriously hamper their work which can be lead to severe losses to the company. Let us consider a scenario where the company’s stocks are full at the storage depots but her significant partners are informed that stock levels are at 50 percent. A raw material supplier to this company would make arrangements for materials to be sent to this company, only to be told that the company does not need these materials until the present stocks have been cleared. Equally, the company’s outsourced logistics partner would restrict herself to transporting goods equivalent to half the capacity of the company’s warehouse to the retailing units. The transporters get to the warehouse to find that they are not adequately resourced to carry out the logistical task ahead. If they are not fortunate to find that all the available transports have been booked, clearing the warehouse of existing stocks would be a Herculean task, if not impossible to the outsourcee company. Helps in Business planning and coordination. Apart from helping to estimate demand accurately, keeping accurate inventory records also help in business planning and coordination itself. With accurate inventory records, it is easier for a company to plan its way forward. For example, if it is learnt from past inventory records that the company obtained its highest sales in the first quarter of the year and not the last quarter, it can plan to augment its sales personnel during this period. By employing several part-time and temporal workers, it can comfortably fulfill customer demands at such peak periods. Similarly, it can use the low- through periods to train its staff or allow them to take their vacations. Wilson (1995) has pointed out that susceptibility of materials planning systems to record errors reduce their effectiveness. Thus, in situations where remedial steps such as cycle counting programmes are not implemented to correct deficiencies, the performance of the company can seriously deteriorate. Helps in production scheduling The importance of keeping accurate inventory records to the producer in sourcing for raw materials has already been stressed. Another value such an undertaking brings to the producer or manufacturer is in the area of scheduling the production itself. Mass customization of goods has become the order of day in many market sectors and industries. Whereas this system de-emphasizes storage of goods, in some instances it depends on inventory records to determine whether a specific request should be manufactured or one is ready available to be sent to the customer. In that respect, accurate inventory records contribute greatly in scheduling production of goods cost-effectively. Helps in Inventory control. Accurate records help in controlling inventory itself. According to Lamb, Hair and McDaniel (2000) an inventory control system develops and maintains an adequate assortment of materials and products to meet the demands of manufacturers and the final consumer. If the input furnished the inventory is inaccurate, that deficiency can seriously affect the manufacturer and the customer alike. A typical example of this distortion is when too many goods are kept in the inventory. This development leads to increases in storage cost and in some cases losses attributable to theft and spoilage. In the same vein, when goods are under stocked, it can lead to severe shortages and also angry and unfulfilled customers. A reflection of Managerial capabilities The way and manner inventory records are kept in a company is also a reflection on inventory managerial capabilities of the management team of the company or the logistics and distribution department. If available records are full of errors and inconsistencies, it simply tells any cursory reviewer that sufficient supervisory oversight is not being administered. On the other hand, an accurately kept inventory records is indicative that the managerial staff are up to the task. Helps in warehouse management Warehouse management plays a vital role in the supply chain of some companies. They serve as an effective link between manufacturers and market intermediaries such as wholesales, middlemen, retailers, etc. Accurate keeping of inventory records constitutes an integral part of warehouse management. It is difficult to manage warehouses properly if records of inventory are not properly kept. If that occurs the warehouses could be receiving newer stock when in fact they should be rejecting on the basis of present stock levels. In like manner they could be rejecting stocks when they should be accepting them. Any of these scenarios place additional costs to the warehouse manager. In the same vein, it also makes the handling of materials difficult. Helps in the identification, sorting and labeling of goods Accurate inventory records helps in identifying, sorting and labeling goods (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2000) either for storage or to the distribution and manufacturing centers. Goods that are properly identified sorted out and labeled are easier to handle than those which are not. They also save material handlers or workers valuable time and thereby increase their productivity. Helps in securing financial assistance As with every segment of a business entity, good record keeping, including that of inventory, helps greatly in securing financial assistance. For existing companies, the financing institution may review existing records to gain insight into how the company has been managed. If inventory records have been badly kept, it indirectly tells how the company has been managed. Furthermore, if management of inventory were one the criteria being used to decide whether financial assistance should be extended to the company or not, it is obvious that the company with an accurately kept inventory shall receive the assistance whereas those with improperly kept data refused the needed financial help. Inventory records themselves are also useful in the preparation of business proposals and plans for financial assistance. Helps in order processing Keeping accurate inventory records also helps in processing received orders correctly. If an order is received and the information is relayed to the manufacturing centre, whether that order gets fulfilled immediately depends on whether accurate inventory records have been kept. If the inventory records are inaccurate, the customer may be sold a good that does not match his requirements or the fulfillment of that order may be unduly delayed. Helps in Replenishment of stocks Accurate inventory makes replenishment of goods either at the warehouse or in store shelves easier to suppliers, be they manufacturers, wholesalers or retailers. Whereas, if doubts are expressed about inventory records, they make replenishment extremely difficult. The difficulty stems from the fact one is not entirely sure about the quantity of goods that should be supplied at any given period. Consequently, over- and under-replenishment becomes common. This development has cost implication to the supplier. For example, if goods are sent to their desired destination and it is found that there is no space to accommodate them because stock levels were understated, those goods would have to be transported back to the supplier. On the other hand, if inventory records were accurate, the goods supplied would be delivered with no extra cost to the supplier. Helps in lowering supply chain costs Generally, it has been established that accurate inventory records reduces order processing and supply chain costs (Cachon and Fisher, 2000). For example, if the time taken to identify inaccurate inventory records and have them rectified is 20 percent of the total time spent at customer-seller interface by the customer, that figure represents the extent of convenience and also loss of man-hours experienced by the customer and sales personnel, respectively. Helps in providing excellent customer service Accurate inventory records also help in providing excellent services to customers. It makes it easier for goods actually needed by customers to be known and supplied with. Furthermore, it enables the needs of customers to be identified and promptly catered for. It also prevents wastage of store shelves by filling them up with goods that are in great demand by customers. Conclusion From the foregoing account, it has been clearly shown that keeping a company’s inventory accurate is a valuable undertaking. Companies with inventory that adhere to set inventory practices reap several benefits, whereas those which do not incur losses. In an era where inventory building is being de-emphasized, the need for companies to keep their inventory records accurate has become even more paramount. How to cite What Is The Value Of Keeping An Accurate Inventory, Papers

Tesco Performance Management Performance And Productivity - Free Solu

Question: Discuss about the Tesco Performance Management for Performance and Productivity. Answer: Introduction In recent times, Human Resource Management has emerged as a critical business function. With time, organisation have realized the benefits that performance management system can have. Simply defined, Performance management is a process by which managers and employees work together to plan, monitor and review an employee's work objectives and overall contribution to the organisation. The objective of this report is to discuss the performance management system of Tesco. The company was established in 1919 and since then it has expanded in different parts of the world (Zhao, 2014). Tesco is the largest retailer in UK with a revenue of more than 60 billion pounds (Wrigley, 2014). Analysis It is important that the organisations would be able to achieve a good growth rate only when there is a direct mapping between personal goals and objectives of employees and professional goals and objectives. The presence of a performance management system helps organisations to manage strategic and operational goals (Renwick, 2009). The performance management system for Tesco is a critical HRM function that helps the management to develop future growth strategy. Performance Management for Tesco The performance management system for Tesco is a medium to ensure that the business goals are meet by the employees. It is a strategic tool for the company that helps it to focus on employees and organisation as a whole (Kourtit, 2013). The management of Tesco, as a whole, believes that a company might have a world-class performance management system in place, but the system is only as effective as the managers who implement it. Performance management for Tesco is an all-inclusive process which encompasses organisations strategic goal, and individuals and groups performance and competencies objective (Rigby, 2015). Once these critical factors being defined, then the next procedure is how to be synchronized organisations goal into Human resource management where all the entitlement, rewards, and other criteria are embedded for the success of the organisations to achieve its goal. In the process of implementing performance management, one has to be seriously considered is an integrated training facility which provides essential training based on the employees status and responsibilities to attain the performance management goal. There are six components of performance management system for Tesco. These components can be discussed as: The performance planning component that is the first step and most important component of performance management system Performance appraisal and review that happens between managers and employees Feedback mechanism on the performance of employees. The feedback is provided by the managers and supervisors Pay and Reward system component that focuses on performance linked plan, bonuses, annual compensation, rewards and perks, etc. Performance improvement plans for employees that includes the need of training, coaching and mentoring. Future or potential appraisal of employees that includes the promotion and future growth plan of employees. Drivers of performance management system The key driver of performance management system for Tesco is the need to synchronize the business goals with human resource goals. The management of Tesco realizes that employees are the greatest assets and they would be able to contribute towards organisational goals and objectives only when they can align their personal goals with organisational strategic goals. Aguinis, (2013) mention the importance of getting an effective PMS in place in order to improve the organisation and its business practice. However, if not relevant and effective it may lead to poor performance instead. The confusion of goals and targets and along with the lack of buy in from the employees can be more detrimental to the organisation in the long run. Sometimes, the support of top management of organisation for administration of performance management is often more necessary to implementing a successful PM system than well designed PM system without commitment with the leadership of the organisation (Houy, 20 09). It has been noted that the top management involvement and strong support for PM system implementation goes a long way to affirm its usefulness to the organisation and determine its ultimate effectiveness. Without strong top management backing, the system, no matter how well designed, is doomed to fail. Serious commitment is required not lip service. Key features of Tescos performance management system There are seven key features of the performance management system for Tesco. These key attributes or features can be discussed as: Using annual goals setting. At Tesco, every employees has to discuss his yearly goals and the same are used to track the performance of employees. These goals are linked with the business strategy of Tesco. Involve staff in the goals setting process to increase the ownership. The management of Tesco would develop the goals with the inputs collected from different employees. High commitment, support and ownership from the top management, senior management, and line management. The ownership, support and commitment from the top management and senior leadership is be more than HR ownership (Saravanja, 2011). Train the appraisee and appraiser on the PMS and appraisal system. Tesco has invested a lot on training and development programs for appraisee and appraiser. The focus on training and development programs has helped the company to have a standardize performance management system in place. Appraisal meeting is separated than development discusses meeting and is done before the later. The focus on availability of good managers with strong leadership mindsets. Tesco realizes that it must have leaders and not managers to focus on the path of sustainable development. PMS is supported and integrated with other HR function such as training, development and rewards. Impact of performance management The impact of performance management system has been positive for Tesco. Often times, performance management system remains ineffectual and inefficient because it is be driven by Human Resources department responsibility and it is usually considered as a seasonal ritual of less importance to many managers who considers their core obligation in the company as top priority and rather result to abrasives filling of one directional forms with little or no feedback from other members of the teams or organisational. (Aguinis, 2013). However, this is not the case with Tesco. The performance management system has emerged as a critical business function for Tesco with high impact. With established performance management system, the employees are able to work with high level of motivation and productivity. It has helped employees to define the goals and work to achieve these goals. The impact of performance management system is positive for organisation as well. Tesco has been able to manage its employees well with the established performance management system. It has helped Tesco to achieve its goals and objectives (Moore, 2013). It can be said that both organisation and employees has positive vibes for performance management system and it is expected that this impact would remain positive for Tesco and its employees. One of the negative impacts of this system is an increase in the competition among employees. The performance based reward system is the part of Tescos performance management system. With this system, employees have to work hard to perform better than other employees. The solution to this problem is to develop an organizational culture where employees understand and realize the benefits of performance based reward system. Conclusion It would be correct to say that the companies that want to increase organisational and employee performance and productivity should invest in getting the right managers in place and support them in engaging their employees. For Tesco, performance management system is an ongoing process, the commitment of leadership of Tesco should not be seen as one time pass but also continuous and repetitive. This is because Tesco started well with backing of the top management of the organisation and along the line drop their support by relaxing their commitment and this resulted into poor implementation of performance management system. However, gaining support of performance management system can be enhance with well-designed system that not failed to carry all the categories of employees along in their preliminary consideration. Many times reasons for the performance systems are well laid out and the workforce misconstrue the aim and objectives of the top management or department of human resou rces who hands are not too busy compare to other technical department like operations or accounts. For performance management system to gain support and commitment of employees in Tesco, involvement in the design of the system might give more light into grey areas which mar the whole effort of the system. Nankervis Compton (2006) asserted this view that one way of increasing the acceptance and commitment to performance management system in an organisation is initiate the participation of the employees all levels including the managerial and non-managerial, supervisors and non-supervisors. Employee involvement can also be beneficial in identifying possible problems or weaknesses in a system and in coming up with suggestions for improvement. References Aguinis, H., (2013) Performance management. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Beauvallet, G., Houy, T. (2009). Research on HRM and lean management: a literature survey.International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management,10(1), 14-33. Burke, R.J. Cooper, C.L. (2005)Reinventing Human Resource Management: Challenges and New Directions. London. Routledge, Taylor Francis Group Brannen, M. Y., Moore, F., Mughan, T. (2013, September). Strategic ethnography and reinvigorating Tesco Plc: Leveraging inside/out bicultural bridging in multicultural teams. In Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2013, No. 1, pp. 282-299). Haddock-Millar, J., Rigby, C. (2015, January). Business Strategy and the Environment: Tesco Plc's Declining Financial Performance and Underlying Issues. InGlobal Conference on Business Finance Proceedings(Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 127). Institute for Business Finance Research. Hunter, W., Renwick, D. (2009). 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